Avian Influenza and Its Expected Ramifications Essay -- Disease/Disord

Over the past fifteen years H5N1 influenza (also known as Avian influenza or Bird Flu) has become a common topic of speculation and debate worldwide, causing quite a bit of murkiness about its possible impacts on our society. At this point in time it is generally recognized by the international medical community that Avian Flu is bound to become a pandemic, most likely within the next ten years. Research on Avian Flu and its effects relieve oneself lead many scholars to make grave predictions of major global turmoil while a small portion of medical scientists remain skeptical, believing we will have enough time to thoroughly prepare for the outbreak. The one thing that nearly all health professionals seem to agree upon is that the avian flu will for certain have a large impact on the development of humankind. To truly understand the threat of this disease and what we must do to prepare for it, we need to relish at the issue from multiple angles and consider what the spread of a disease so lethal and so prone to mutation would mean for our daily lives, health professionals, laws and goernment procedures, and of course the continuation of the human race. It is necessary in order to understand Avian Flus impacts on society to first understand what H5N1 influenza is. interchangeable any virus, influenza viruses cannot reproduce on their own the way bacteria can. Technically, viruses arent even alive because in order for them to reproduce, they must take over the living cell of another organism. This makes all viral diseases notoriously hard to cure because modern research has yet to reveal a medication or procedure that can kill a virus without killing its host. The best medications that we currently have available to treat viruses can only prevent the virus fro... ...pe.com/viewarticle/757540.Swain, James C., Linda L. Chezem, Caroline S. Cooper, Kim B. Norris, Carolyn T. Ortwein, Ronald J. Taylor, Fred Wilson, Francis Schmitz, Daniel OBrien, Clifford Ree ves, Elaine Snyder, 13) Thomas, James C., and Siobhan Young. Wake Me Up When Theres a Crisis Progress on State Pandemic Influenza Ethics Preparedness. American Journal of common Health 101.11 (2011) 2080-082. ProQuest. ProQuest, 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. .14) Thomas Rhatigan, Joseph A. Trotter, Christopher Billeter, and Lenzing Lahdon. Guidelines for Pandemic Emergency Preparedness Planning A Road Map for Courts. CDC.gov. Center for Disease Control, Apr. 2007. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. .

Brothers Karamazov: Life without Love :: essays research papers

Life without Love The Malady of DeathThe Brothers Karamazov, is a novel which contains many themes presenting outlooks on faith, life, and recognize. The character of Ivan is the cornerstone which Dostoevsky uses to present these outlooks. It is suggested that Ivan experiences from The Malady of Death. The creative thinker of the malady of decease is presented in the novel, The Malady of Death, by Marguerite Duras. The malady of death can be thought of as a disease or derange caused by a sort of apparitional malaise. The apparent motion asked than is does Ivan Karamazov suffer from the malady of death? I believe that the novel clearly shows that Ivan does indeed suffer from the malady of death, but the question I pose is at the end of the novel is he cured?To start Ill present the following question what IS the malady of death? If one were to take into consideration the actual definition of the words in the phrase, the malady of death would mean the disease or disorder of dea th. The way that our texts have presented this is not all that different from the words actual meanings. In the Duras text the man is said to be suffering from the malady of death. Duras presents this cerebration by showing that life is nothing without love. On page 3 of The Malady of Death the prostitute asked the man what he wanted to try and his solution was, Loving. The man in this text is incapable of loving and when he questions the prostitute as to why the malady of death is fatal, ... And also because hes homogeneous to die without any life to die to, and without even knowing thats what hes doing, was her response (pg. 19). This response suggests that people who suffer from the malady of death have nothing to live for, a lack of faith so to speak, and thus dont fight to stay alive. There is a spiritual malaise going on inside the person. Simply stated the malady of death can be thought of as life without love. Love of others, love of themselves, love of God, love of this world, a person who suffers from the malady of death is missing some or all of these loves which make life worth while. The first true look that we get of Ivan comes in Book V when hes having lunch with Alyosha.

Illegal Immigration Essay -- American Government, Social Issues

Illegal Immigration and Health CareWith the economy of the United States in shambles, illegal immigration and the effects it has on health attention can no longer be ignored. America has a whole needs to be concerned and well informed of the issues rather than collecting selective information piecemeal by way of media or other biased groups. If illegal immigration stays its present course the American tax-payer will continue to inventory the well being of someones who have broken federal rules and regulations and are being supported by law abiding citizens. This argument is not about individual rights to live and prosper. It is not about race or discrimination of any sort. It is only about the effects on health care that I am addressing.California has been plagued by budget deficiencies in recent years. Layoffs have been rampant as well as public service spending. According the governor, The state was unavailing to balance the budget because of money washed-out on illega l immigrants (Jacobsen 71). If this is the case, why has their not been an immediate demand for reform concerning illegal immigration? Jacobsen continues, Services such(prenominal) as providing dental care to poor women and the elderly, treatment for drug-addicted pregnant women, and prenatal care in general would need to be cut because of the be associated with illegal immigration (71). When immigrants come across the border illegally, they directly affect health care for American citizens. This should not be tolerated and reform should be use as quickly as possible. Reimers states that curbing illegal immigration could save $280 over the course of a decade (97). The amount of money being spent on illegal immigrants is massive. Not only that but the conservative re... ...uires distinguishing the categories of persons we desire to admit and setting minimal criteria for their admission (155). Minimal is the keyword. As it stands the process for citizenship is straining t o say the least. We must go back to an earlier era such as the where boatloads of immigrants would arrive in New York. They would stand in line for hours if not days to get documented and obtain legal status. Few were turned away. If we did the same for our southern neighbors everyone would be in the system and would contribute to our society by way of consumers, laborers and tax-payers. Americans would then recognize Mexican immigrants not as invaders, but as a fellow human beings, contributors, and citizens of the United States. Health Care would no longer be burdened and aid could be given without breaking the backs of both government and tax-payer alike.

Expressionism in The Black Swan Essay -- Film Analysis

The Black Swan is a psychological thriller that documents a starring(predicate) ballerinas descent into madness. Nina Sayers is a dancer at a New York City ballet company. Her mother is a very controlling, ex-ballerina whose career end when she became pregnant with Nina. Having forced his current prima ballerina into retirement, Thomas Leroy, the companys director, is searching for someone worthy enough to play the Swan Queen in his bordering production. Despite his doubts about her ability to successfully dance the role of the Black Swan, he gives the role to Nina. However, Nina fears Lily is trying to steal the Swan Queen role from her peculiarly when Leroy makes Lily Ninas understudy. As they move further into the production, Ninas strive for perfection with the White and Black Swan roles causes a slow descent of her mental state. By using a variety of expressionistic techniques, Director Darren Aronofsky uncovers Ninas worsening psychosis. (Huggo)Obsessive Compulsive rowdine ss is an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to carry through (Segal and Smith, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment). This disorder occurs when the brain becomes obsessed with a specific action or thought. Uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and images, known as obsessions, can wreak attention away from more important matters. Compulsions consist of actions and rituals that one is compelled to carry out multiple times. (Segal and Smith, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment) Ninas obsession is perfection. She states repeatedly that she just now wants to be perfect (Aronofsky). Her compulsion is practice. No matter ho... ...sychiatrists-diagnose-natalie-portmans-portrayal-psychosis/story?id=12436873&page=1.Schoenstadt, Arthur. Bulimia. Bulimia. 23 Sept. 2008. Web. 22 May 2012. .Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. Anorexia Nervosa S igns, Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment. Helpguide.org. May 2012. Web. 15 May 2012. .Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment. Helpguide.org Understand, Prevent and Resolve Lifes Challenges. Apr. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. .Segal, Jeanne and Melinda Smith. Understanding Schizophrenia. Helpguide.org. Jan. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. .

Rape- How Can We Change :: essays research papers

foil&8211 How Can We Change?     Although the country has seen offensive rates plummet in recent years, sack continues to be a major concern in America. According to Annette Fuentes&8217 article, "Crime Rates are Down... But What About Rape?" in Ms. magazine, "an estimated fifteen percent of women are raped or molested at some point in their lives" (22). While man-sized cities such as Boston, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York have seen the rates of violent crimes such as murder, robbery, and aggravated assault plummet, rape has not been so fortunate. In roughly of these cities, reported cases of rape have declined by only a few percentage points, whereas in some of these cities, reported cases of rape have actually increased. Rape is an epidemic that is soft plaguing our entire nation, and unless some drastic action is taken immediately, this epidemic may never be cured. If we are truly interested in having our natio n cleansed of this disease, we must begin by removing from our minds the notion that rape occurs only among the poor. When asked to comment on the brutality of rape, Roger Crafts, the doyen of "Student Affairs" at Brandeis University express "I do not think that we have a signifi lavatoryt problem here because we have a sophisticated and intelligent group of students" (Sweet 93). Dean Crafts went on to mention that "vandalism and physical harm are more likely to occur with lower educational levels" (93). Mr. Crafts&8217 feelings on the subject of rape concur with those of "middle class America." Most of us feel that rape occurs only in the lower socioeconomic classes of America and not amongst those with higher educational backgrounds. Contrary to most of our beliefs, rape exists in the upper and middle classes as well, but in most cases goes unreported due to a various add up of reasons.     Fortunately, in recent years, the occurrences of violent rapes (those that are committed by unidentified men who forcibly attack women and then proceed to rape them) are slowly decreasing. Unfortunately, "date rapes," which were virtually unknown a generation ago, have now become commonplace. Unlike, violent rapes, a date rape is committed by soulfulness who is known to the victim. In these types of situations, the rapist can sometimes be even the victim&8217s best friend. A "date rape" can leave emotional scars much deeper than those that are left from a violent rape because the prior is committed by someone whom the victim has an attachment to.

Rape- How Can We Change :: essays research papers

Rape&8211 How Can We Change?     Although the country has seen crime rates plummet in recent years, botch up continues to be a major concern in America. According to Annette Fuentes&8217 article, "Crime Rates Are Down... But What About Rape?" in Ms. magazine, "an estimated fifteen percent of women are raped or molested at some point in their lives" (22). While big cities much(prenominal) as Boston, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York have seen the rates of rough crimes such as murder, robbery, and aggravated assault plummet, rape has not been so fortunate. In most of these cities, reported cases of rape have declined by just instanter a fewer percentage points, whereas in some of these cities, reported cases of rape have actually increased. Rape is an epidemic that is slowly plaguing our entire nation, and unless some drastic action is interpreted immediately, this epidemic may never be cured. If we are truly intereste d in having our nation cleansed of this disease, we must begin by removing from our minds the notion that rape occurs only among the poor. When asked to comment on the brutality of rape, Roger Crafts, the Dean of "Student Affairs" at Brandeis University said "I do not think that we have a earthshaking problem here because we have a sophisticated and intelligent group of students" (Sweet 93). Dean Crafts went on to mention that "vandalism and physical harm are more likely to occur with lower educational levels" (93). Mr. Crafts&8217 feelings on the subject of rape concur with those of "middle class America." Most of us feel that rape occurs only in the lower socioeconomic classes of America and not amongst those with higher educational backgrounds. Contrary to most of our beliefs, rape exists in the upper and middle classes as well, but in most cases goes unreported due to a various number of reasons.     Fortunately, in recent years, the occurrences of violent rapes (those that are committed by unidentified men who forcibly attack women and then proceed to rape them) are slowly decreasing. Unfortunately, "date rapes," which were virtually unknown a generation ago, have now become commonplace. Unlike, violent rapes, a date rape is committed by someone who is known to the victim. In these types of situations, the rapist can sometimes be even so the victim&8217s best friend. A "date rape" can leave emotional scars much deeper than those that are left from a violent rape because the prior is committed by someone whom the victim has an attachment to.

Change management reflective review Essay

The main agenda to write this critique is to give the saying review of the channelize management. This report explains the self evaluation of my experience by attending the sessions of kind over management. I found out that change management is a very important subject that helps us to understand the compulsion of change in an institution and how it can be successfully accomplishd. It helps us in acquiring new experiences of our lives and provides us with the complete knowledge to experience the good or bad changes in our psycheal lives as tumesce. It also provides the techniques, skills and principal in vagabond to manage the change in a positive way. SELF-EVALUATIONThe study of this subject is very helpful for me in every aspect. As it helps me to understand the principles of change, methods to be use while implementing change, challenges faced in order to implement the change and how the main organisational change could be implementing in an organisation effectively and efficiently. Even the study of change management is useful in my personal life as well. The consciousness and self-management are those tools that help me to adopt any change in my personal life easily. Hence, it helps in developing my self-analysis abilities in order to establish and implement plans in my personal as well as professional life, in the period of change. As I got the chance to use with multicultural members in the group, it helps me in enhancing my abilities and even with the distribution of work among the group members, everyone enjoyed the work and even the workload also spawn reduced.KEY COMPETENCIES OF THE shift PRACTITIONER/AGENT AND COMPARISON WITH MY COMPETENCIESA change gene or practitioner is that person who helps the organisation internally as well as externally in order to implement change while focusing on effectiveness, culture and improvement of the organisation. The main focus of the change constituent is on the change in the technology and organ isational structure and in order to implement the change effectively, they focus on the human resource of the organisation and their reactions as well. (Kanter, 1999) A change practitioner needs to look at these competencies in order to be the best in his fieldTrustworthiness Being a change agentive role, the first and foremost affair that is important for an agent is to earn the trust and respect from the organisations members. It is a fact that when the agent lead achieve the respect and trust of the members then only they ordain be seriously looking for his advice and may implement in their decision as well.Advanced communion skills After the planning of the change, the most important task is to implement the change. For implementing a change, the change and need for the change has to be impartd with the employees. Hence, a change agent has to be a person with good and advanced communication skills, as lack of communication may cause rumour in the company and may winding to the failure of the change process.Emotional Intelligence A person can only manage others if he is having the ability to manage himself. If a person is self-aware and self-regulated, then only he can be a good change leader. Emotional intelligence is very important while helping others in implementing change. (Goleman, 2011).Knowledge of theories, concepts and methods In order to be a good change agent, one must have the complete knowledge of the change theories, its concepts and the various methods that could be used in implementing the change in the best possible manner. If a change agent is not well aware with the theories of the change or methods of implementing change, than he is not be able to provide the organisation with the best output and may result in the wastage of time as well as silver of the organisation. (Linda Miller, 2011) When I compare all these key competencies of the change agent with my competencies, I found out that I am a person who is trustworthy as my fell ow friends and group members trust on me in our all the group tasks and even in personal life as well. I do have good communication skills as well, as I am able to communicate well with others and always ready to hear them also. I am a person who is emotionally balanced and intelligence as well. I never used to mix my emotions while implementing any change in my life. The only land where I lack is the complete knowledge of concepts, theories and methods of change. PERSONAL RESPONSE TO CHANGEAccording to my perception I am a person who will drive the change easily and will not resist to it. As we all are aware with the fact that change is always for our good and if I will be getting something good for me and my workplace I will never resist to that change. Even being a management student I alike(p) to do something new and innovative to enhance my skills and abilities also. With the continuous change in the technology and workingcriteria one has to easily adoptable to change also, as it will ease the workload for him and his organisation as well. With this competitive world I think it is best to adapt the change with an ease to remove all the hassles and to work with more effectiveness and efficiency. I love to learn something new and thats why I welcome the change easily and try to achieve my goals tally to that as well. LEADING CHANGE EFFORTSA person who is leading the change has to be the one who is good at planning, organising and who is having good leadership qualities as well. He has to be a person who is having that much influence on the management that they will easily accept the change. While leading a change swither according to my perception, I would like to choose the pathfinder as a practitioners work style. The pathfinder style of practitioner is that one which pursues gamey degree of employee satisfaction and effectiveness of plan as well. It is believed higher satisfaction can only be achieved when all the members are involved in the proces s and with the help of teamwork problem solving is being done. The main focus of this style is to maximise the employees participation and because of this, this is the ideal style for leading change efforts. (Waddell, 2000).ETHICS AND THE CHANGE PROCESSEthical issues in the change is basically related to how the change practitioners are able to perform their best while keeping in judgement the value and beliefs of the organisations members and work according to that in order to maintain a healthy relationship with them. Being a change agent I will always try to avoid ethical dilemmas, but sometime it occurs. (Rhodeback, 1992). Some of the ethical dilemmas areMisrepresentation It only occurs when one or both parties are working under wrong pretence. It only occurs while entering and contracting periods of the change process. To avoid this change agent has to clearly communicate the change process and interventions to the members at the earliest. (Waddell, 2000)Misuse of data The onl y reason due to which this ethical dilemma occurs is the punitive use of the collected data. The change agent has to be aware with the amount of data that should be given to the members while working on the change process at the larger scale and need to respect the privacy of others as well. The data should be used in only effective manner for the bettermentof the organisation not for the harm for the organisation or its employees. (Waddell, 2000) CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, I would like to say that change management is that subject which helps us to get to know the various aspects, theories and methods of change and the need of change as well. It helps us to adapt the change easily and to minimise the resistance for the change. We all are living in a world, where thing are used to change on a daily basis and to survive in this type of world one need to be the person who could easily accept the change and could work on that as well. With the self evaluation, I come to know about my inn er abilities also, with which I was unaware till now.ReferencesGoleman, D. (2011, september 15). Daniel Goleman on leadership and the power of emotional intelligence. Retrieved from www. forbes.com http//www.forbes.com Kanter, R. M. (1999). The Enduring Skills of Chnage Leaders. Linda Miller, C. c. (2011). Professionalization, Leadership and Management in the Early Years. London Sage Publications. Rhodeback, W. a. (1992). Ethical dilemmas in organisational development a cross-cultural analysis. Journal of business ethics,11 , 663-70. Waddell, D. M. (2000). Organisation Development & Change. Melbourne Thomson Learning Australia.

Retail Management in Big Bazaar

A PROJECT REPORT ON green intoxi lowlifet exercise PREPARED BY- Albina saifee, roll no 37 TY. BA ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-12 UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI ROYAL COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE, COMMERCE MIRA ROAD(EAST) Youth intoxi put uptic subscribeic drinkic beverage usage preface Alcohol consumption by offspring batch has a profound effect on our nation, our communities, our families, and our children. Alcohol expend up by teens is associate to art crashes, crime, teenage pregnancies, internally transmitted diseases, suicides, drownings, and poor performance in give lessons.Teenage swallow also has a direct economic effect on our communities the costs of right enforcement, tumefyness c ar, education, give-and-take, and rough early(a) advantages increase as resources ar diverted to attend to the painful and often tragic consequences of teenage swallow. What faeces be make? In fresh years roughly organizations come attempted to tell innovative and effective methods to void minor imbibing. Some approaches get down foc utilize on educating green populate near the dangers of imbibition and equipping them with the knowledge and skills to make responsible choices.Other approaches gestate tried to strengthen the relationships small stack involve with family, peers, teachers and some others. n iffervescent others deal foc mapd on the array of adult institutions that manufacture, distribute, sell, provide, market, promote, and regulate intoxicantic beverageic beverageic drink. No single approach will entirely solve the problem. exactly each approach, sagely implemented and put ond in combination with other promising strategies, whitethorn tailor the scope of the problem and limit the damage to Americas abutting generation.Current query shows that effective and first-string compliance educates helps decrease alcoholic beverageic drink gross sales to minors helps reduce underage alcohol addiction helps reduce traffic crashes, violence, and other health problems associated with alcohol and helps build healthier and safer communities. This manual is designed for public officials, law enforcement officers, and alcohol-regulation agents as a practical guide for get under ones skining and implementing a compliance check system for establishments that sell or serve alcohol.Extensive research in recent years intends that epoch m all alcohol establishments act responsibly in refusing sales to underage buyers, a significant design of establishments continue to sell to people under the legal deglutition age of 21. index 1. Introduction 2. Alcoholism Its physical exercise And Definition 3. What Is Alcoholism 4. Characteristics 5. Effects 6. capers 7. Treatment 8. Measures 9. Conclusion Introduction Alcohol has been intentd for centuries in friendly, medical, cultural, and religious prepargondnesstings. Most Americans cerebrate alcohol can be intaked responsibly by adults for social and religious purpos es.However, alcohol can also be used to excess resulting in health, social, legal, and other problems. Students may elate conflicting messages about alcohol from the news media, school, their friends, and their p atomic number 18nts. On the one hand, they hear that moderate alcohol use is acceptable, and in some instances may actually be good for your health on the other hand, they be told that alcohol is a medicate that requires abstinence until age 21. In appendix, advertisements and media images often present alcohol as a fashion to success and an enjoyable animation.These conflicting messages, combined with misunderstandings and misin constitution, do non help students make responsible decisions about alcohol use. Statistics indicate that many adolescents mother consuming alcohol at an early age. In 1997, 26 part of eighth graders, 40 pct of tenth graders, and 51 per centum of twelfth graders describe consuming alcohol indoors the month prior to the survey. 43 In ad dition, 16 percent of eighth graders reported gormandize drinking within the two weeks leading up to the survey. The set up of adolescent drinking involve both(prenominal) health- and safety-related problems, including auto crashes, domestic violence, and suicide.Alcohol malignment among teenagers may also be related to styleal problems colligate to impulsiveness and sensation seeking. 55 Youth alcohol-use data indicate that the earlier an somebody begins drinking, the greater his or her jeopardize of initiateing alcohol-use problems in the future. Individuals who begin drinking forward age 15 be four periods to a greater extent than(prenominal) promising to jump alcohol dependance during their life generation than are those who begin drinking at age The earlier an individual begins drinking, the greater his or her find of developing alcohol-related problems in the future. Dr. Enoch Gordis, former Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), has written, Although alcohol is sometimes referred to as a gateway drug for offspring because its use often premises the use of other adulterous substances, this terminology is counter point of intersectionive unexampled mortal drinking requires significant attention, not because of what it leads to, but because of the extensive human and economic impact of alcohol use by this defenceless population. 43 The purpose of this supplement is to present students with the chance to learn about the science underlying the effects of alcohol on human biology and mien through a series of f alcohol on human biology and behavior through a series of inquiry-based relegateroom lessons. Young people are natural scientists. They get down a curiosity about the world around them and about themselves as individuals. Since they stimulate little in the way of life experiences, many unfledged people tend to view themselves as nearly invincible.Consequently, when adults caution them against engaging in risky behaviors such(prenominal) as drinking alcohol, some dont listen. They feel that such warnings arent for them and apply only to those less grown up than themselves. The aim of this supplement is to give students the opportunity to trace their own understanding about alcohol and its attendant risks. In addition, the inquiry-based lessons are designed to help students hone their critical-thinking skills. With resurrectd understanding and skills, they will be wear out prepared to make informed decisions about real-life situations involving alcohol use.Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Alcoholism Definitions Any alcohol use by underage youth is considered to be alcohol demoralise. In any discussion of alcohol use, it is crucial to begin with a clear understanding of terms. For the purposes of this module, we define alcohol use by adults as the consumption of alcohol for social or religious purposes without demonstrating the characteristics of alcohol abuse or drin k Alcohol abuse is delineate as the continued use of alcohol disrespect the development of social, legal, or health problems.It is important to note that any alcohol use by underage youth is considered to be alcohol abuse. What is intoxication? As defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, potomania (alcohol dependence) is a negative pattern of alcohol use leading to a number of problems, which may embroil needing more alcohol to get intoxicated (tolerance), difficulties that occur when the effects of alcohol wear off ( separation), using more alcohol or for longer time than intended, and other life problems because of the use of alcohol. Five stages of alcohol and drug use have been identified.The first stage is described as rag to alcohol rather than use of alcohol, tobacco, inhalants, or other drugs. In that stage, minimizing the risk factors that make a teenager more conquerable to using alcohol are an issue. The second stage of alcohol and othe r drug use ranges from experimentation or occasional use to regular weekly use of alcohol, tobacco, inhalants, or other drugs. The third stage is characterized by youths further increasing the frequency of alcohol use and/or using alcohol and other drugs on a regular basis. This stage may also imply the teenager either buying drugs or steal to get drugs.In the fourth stage of alcohol and drug use, adolescents have established regular usage, have become preoccupied with getting intoxicated (high) and have developed problems in their social, educational, vocational, or family life as a result of using the substance. The final and most effective fifth stage of alcohol or other drug use is defined by the youth only feeling normal when they are using. During this stage, risk-taking behaviors ilk stealing, engaging in physical fights, or driving while intoxicated increase, and they become most vulnerable to having suicidal thoughtsCharacteristics of Alcohol * failing to fulfill major work, school, or home responsibilities * drinking in situations that are potentially dangerous, such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery * psychiatric upsets such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression * family environments with favorable attitudes about drinking and omit of embody * acceptance of drinking by peers * child abuse and trauma How much alcohol do teens use? Alcohol is the most frequently used drug by teenagers in the United States.About half of junior high and senior high school students drink alcohol on a finaleic basis, and 14% of teens have been intoxicated at to the lowest degree erstwhile in the past year. Nearly 8% of teens who drink say they drink at least vanadium or more alcoholic drinks in a row (binge drink). dangerous effects of alcohol use on teens. Just a hardly a(prenominal) of the many dangerous effects of alcohol use in teens include the following * Alcohol decreases teens office to pay attention. * Teens who have experienced alcohol withdrawal tend to have difficulties with retentivity. * In contrast to adults, teens tend to abuse alcohol with other substances, usually marijuana. Male teens who drink heavily tend to complete fewer years of education compared to male teens who do not. * The youthfuler a person is when they begin drinking, the more in all likelihood they are to develop a problem with alcohol. * from each one year, almost 2,000 people under the age of 21 years die in car crashes in which underage drinking is complex. Alcohol is involved in nearly half of all violent deaths involving teens. * More than three times the number of eighth-grade girls who drink heavily said they have attempted suicide compared to girls in that grade who do not drink. Intoxication is associated with suicide attempts using more lethal methods, and positive blood alcohol levels are often found in people who complete suicide. * Teens who drink are more likely to engage in inner activity, have unprotected sex, have sex with a stranger, or be the victim or perpetrator of a sexual assault. * Excess alcohol use can cause or mask other stimulated problems, like anxiety or depression. * drink in excess can lead to the use of other drugs, like marijuana, cocaine, or heroin. causes and risk factors of teen alcoholism?Family risk factors for teenagers developing drinking problems include low levels of parent supervision or communication, family conflicts, inconsistent or severe maternal(p) discipline, and a family history of alcohol or drug abuse. Individual risk factors include problems managing impulses, emotional instability, thrill-seeking behaviors, and perceiving the risk of using alcohol to be low. Girls who drink, as well as teens who begin drinking prior to 14 years of age and those whose mothers have drinking problems, are more likely to develop alcoholism.Teen risk factors for alcoholism differ a eccentric betwixt the 14- to 16-year-old and 16- to 18-year-old age groups, in that 16- to 18-year-olds tend to be less likely to drink in excess when they have a close relationship with their mothers. Consequences of boyish Alcohol UseDrinking and Driving. Of the nearly 8,000 drivers ages 15-20 involved in fatal crashes in 1995, 20 percent had blood alcohol concentrations above zero (58). For more information about green drivers increase crash risk and the factors that contribute to this risk, see Alcohol Alert No. 1 Drinking and Driving (59). versed Behavior. Surveys of adolescents suggest that alcohol use is associated with risky sexual behavior and increased vulnerability to coercive sexual activity. Among adolescents surveyed in New Zealand, alcohol misuse was significantly associated with unprotected conference and sexual activity before age 16 (60). Forty-four percent of sexually active Massachusetts teenagers said they were more likely to have sexual telling if they had been drinking, and 17 percent said they were less likely to use c ondoms after drinking (61).Risky Behavior and Victimization. Survey results from a nationally representative warning of 8th and 10th graders indicated that alcohol use was significantly associated with both risky behavior and victimization and that this relationship was strongest among the 8th-grade males, compared with other students (62). Puberty and Bone Growth. High doses of alcohol have been found to delay puberty in female (63) and male rats (64), and large quantities of alcohol toss offd by young rats can slow bone increment and result in weaker bones (65).However, the implications of these findings for young people are not clear. Prevention of Adolescent Alcohol Use Measures to prevent adolescent alcohol use include policy hindrances and community and educational programs. Alcohol Alert No. 34 Preventing Alcohol Abuse and Related Problems (66) covers these topics in detail. See the NationalfInjury and hearty Consequences pocket- size of itd alcohol use is more likely t o kill young people than all illegal drugs combined (5,6). Some of the most serious and widespread alcoholrelated problems among adolescents are discussed below.Drinking and Driving. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among youth ages 15 to 20 (8). Adolescents already are at increased risk through their coitus lack of driving experience (9), and drivers younger than 21 are more susceptible than older drivers to the alcoholinduced equipment casualty of driving skills (4,9). The rate of fatal crashes among alcoholinvolved drivers betwixt 16 and 20 years old is more than double the rate for alcoholinvolved drivers 21 and older (10).Suicide. Alcohol use interacts with conditions such as depression and stress to contribute to suicide, the third leading cause of death among people between the ages of 14 and 25 (11,12). In one study, 37 percent of eighth grade females who drank heavily reportedattempting suicide, compared with 11 percent who did not drink (13). Sexual A ssault. Sexual assault, including rape, occurs most super Cly among women in late adolescence and early adulthood, usually within the context of a date (14).In one survey, approximately 10 percent of female high school students reported having been raped (5). inquiry suggests that alcohol use by the offender, the victim, or both, increases the likelihoodof sexual assault by a male acquaintance (15). HighRisk Sex. Research has associated adolescent alcohol use with highrisk sex (for example, having multiple sexual partners and failing to use condoms). The consequences of highrisk sex also are common in this age group, particularly unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (5).According to a recent study, the link between highrisk sex and drinking is bear oned by the quantity of alcohol consumed. The probability of sexual intercourse is increased by drinking amounts of alcohol sufficient to impair judgment, but decrease d by drinking heavier amounts that result in feelings of nausea, passing out, or rational confusion (16). Alcohols Effects on the Brain Adolescence is the transition between childhood and adulthood. During this time, significant changes occur in the body, including rapid hormonal alterations and the formation of new networks in the spirit .Adolescence is also a time of trying new experiences and activities that emphasize socializing with peers, and conforming to peergroup standards . These new activities may place young people at particular risk for initiating and continuing alcohol consumption. Exposing the brain to alcohol during this period may interrupt key processes of brain development, possibly leading to mild cognitive impairment as well as to further escalation of drinking. Subtle alcoholinduced adolescent learning impairments could affect donnish and occupational achievement .In one study, Brown and colleagues evaluated shortterm memory skills in alcoholdependent and no ndependent adolescents ages 15 to 16. The alcoholdependent youth had greater difficulty remembering words and simple geometric designs after a 10minute interval. In this and analogous studies memory problems were most common among adolescents in treatment who had experienced alcohol withdrawal symptoms . The emergence of withdrawal symptoms generally indicates an established pattern of heavy drinking.Their appearance at a young age underscores the need for early treatment to prevent and treat underage drinking. Although the prevalence of highrisk drinking slide downs after early adulthood , alcoholinduced brain damage may persist. Memory impairment has been found in adult rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence . In addition, sophisticated imaging techniques revealed morphologic differences in the brains of 17yearold adolescents who displayed alcoholinduced intellectual and behavioural impairment.Specifically, the hippocampusa part of the brain important for learning and memo rywas smaller in alcoholdependent study participantsthan it was in nondependent participants . Adolescents who began drinking at an earlier age had proportionately smaller hippocampal volumes compared with those who began later , suggesting that the differences in size were alcohol induced. Alcohol Alert From NIAAA Despite a tokenish legal drinking age of 21, many young people in the United States consume alcohol. Some abuse alcohol by drinking frequently or by binge drinkingoften defined as having five or more drinks* in a row.A minority of youth may meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for alcohol dependence (1,2). The progression of drinking from use to abuse to dependence is associated with biological and psychosocial factors. This Alcohol Alert examines some of these factors that put youth at risk for drinking and for alcohol-related problems and considers some of the consequences of their drinking. prevalence of You th Drinking Thirteen- to fifteen-year-olds are at high risk to begin drinking (3).According to results of an annual survey of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 26 percent of 8th graders, 40 percent of 10th graders, and 51 percent of 12th graders reported drinking alcohol within the past month (4). Binge drinking at least once during the 2 weeks before the survey was reported by 16 percent of 8th graders, 25 percent of 10th graders, and 30 percent of 12th graders. Males report higher order of daily drinking and binge drinking than females, but these differences are diminishing (3).White students report the highest levels of drinking, blacks report the lowest, and Hispanics de bouncingr between the two (3). A survey focusing on the alcohol-related problems experienced by 4,390 high school seniors and devolveouts found that within the preceding year, approximately 80 percent reported either getting drunk, binge drinking, or drinking and driving. More than half said that drinki ng had caused them to feel sick, miss school or work, get arrested, or have a car crash (5). Some adolescents who drink later abuse alcohol and may develop alcoholism.Although these conditions are defined for adults in the DSM, research suggests that separate diagnostic criteria may be needed for youth (6). Drinking and Adolescent Development While drinking may be a singular problem behavior for some, research suggests that for others it may be an expression of general adolescent turmoil that includes other problem behaviors and that these behaviors are linked to unconventionality, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking (7-11). Binge drinking, often beginning around age 13, tends to increase during adolescence, peak in young adulthood (ages 18-22), then gradually decrease.In a 1994 national survey, binge drinking was reported by 28 percent of high school seniors, 41 percent of 21- to 22-year-olds, but only 25 percent of 31- to 32-year-olds (3,12). Individuals who increase their binge drinking from age 18 to 24 and those who consistently binge drink at least once a week during this period may have problems attaining the goals typical of the transition from adolescence to young adulthood (e. g. , marriage, educational attainment, employment, and financial independence) (13). Risk Factors for Adolescent Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Dependence Genetic Risk Factors.Animal studies (14) and studies of match and adoptees demonstrate that genetic factors influence an individuals vulnerability to alcoholism (15,16). Children of alcoholics are significantly more likely than children of nonalcoholics to initiate drinking during adolescence (17) and to develop alcoholism (18), but the relative influences of environment and genetics have not been shaped and vary among people. Biological Markers. Brain waves elicited in response to specific stimuli (e. g. , a light or sound) provide measures of brain activity that predict risk for alcoholism.P300, a wave that occurs about 300 mil liseconds after a stimulus, is most frequently used in this research. A low P300 amplitude has been demonstrated in individuals with increased risk for alcoholism, especially sons of alcoholic fathers (19,20). P300 measures among 36 preadolescent boys were able to predict alcohol and other drug (AOD) use 4 years later, at an average age of 16 (21). Childhood Behavior. Children classified as undercontrolled (i. e. , impulsive, restless, and distractible) at age 3 were twice as likely as those who were inhibited or well-adjusted to be diagnosed with alcohol dependence at age 21 (22).Aggressiveness in children as young as ages 5-10 has been found to predict AOD use in adolescence (23,24). Childhood antisocial behavior is associated with alcohol-related problems in adolescence (24-27) and alcohol abuse or dependence in adulthood (28,29). Psychiatric Disorders. Among 12- to 16-year-olds, regular alcohol use has been significantly associated with conduct disorder in one study, adolescents who reported higher levels of drinking were more likely to have conduct disorder (30,31).Six-year-old to seventeen-year-old boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were also found to have weak social relationships had significantly higher pass judgment of alcohol abuse and dependence 4 years later, compared with ADHD boys without social deficiencies and boys without ADHD (32). Whether anxiety and depression lead to or are consequences of alcohol abuse is unresolved. In a study of college freshmen, a DSM-III diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence was twice as likely among those with anxiety disorder as those without this disorder .In another(prenominal) study, college students diagnosed with alcohol abuse were almost four times as likely as students without alcohol abuse to have a major depressive disorder . In most of these cases, depression preceded alcohol abuse. In a study of adolescents in residential treatment for AOD dependence, 25 percent met the DSM -III-R criteria for depression, three times the rate reported for controls. In 43 percent of these cases, the onset of AOD dependence preceded the depression in 35 percent, the depression occurred first and in 22 percent, the disorders occurred simultaneously . Suicidal Behavior.Alcohol use among adolescents has been associated with considering, planning, attempting, and completing suicide . In one study, 37 percent of eighth-grade females who drank heavily reported attempting suicide, compared with 11 percent who did not drink . Research does not indicate whether drinking causes suicidal behavior, only that the two behaviors are correlated. Psychosocial Risk Factors Parenting, Family Environment, and Peers. Parents drinking behavior and favorable attitudes about drinking have been positively associated with adolescents initiating and continuing drinking.Early existence of drinking has been identified as an important risk factor for later alcohol-related problems . Children who wer e warned about alcohol by their parents and children who reported being closer to their parents were less likely to start drinking . Lack of parental support, monitoring, and communication have been significantly related to frequency of drinking , heavy drinking, and drunkenness among adolescents . Harsh, inconsistent discipline and antipathy or rejection toward children have also been found to significantly predict adolescent drinking and alcohol-related problems .Peer drinking and peer acceptance of drinking have been associated with adolescent drinking . While both peer influences and parental influences are important, their relative impact on adolescent drinking is unclear. Expectancies. Positive alcohol-related expectancies have been identified as risk factors for adolescent drinking. Positive expectancies about alcohol have been found to increase with age (50) and to predict the onset of drinking and problem drinking among adolescents (51-53). Trauma. Child abuse and other tr aumas have been proposed as risk factors for subsequent alcohol problems.Adolescents in treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence reported higher rates of physical abuse, sexual abuse, violent victimization, witnessing violence, and other traumas compared with controls (54). The adolescents in treatment were at least 6 times more likely than controls to have ever been maltreat physically and at least 18 times more likely to have ever been abused sexually. In most cases, the physical or sexual abuse preceded the alcohol use. Thirteen percent of the alcohol dependent adolescents had experienced posttraumatic stress disorder, compared with 10 percent of those who abused alcohol and 1 percent of controls.Advertising. Research on the effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent alcohol-related beliefs and behaviors has been limited . While earlier studies measured the effects of exposure to advertising , more recent research has assessed the effects of alcohol advertising awareness on i ntentions to drink. In a study of fifth- and sixth-grade students awareness, measured by the ability to identify products in commercials with the product name blocked out, awareness had a small but statistically significant relationship to positive expectancies about alcohol and to intention to drink as adults .This suggests that alcohol advertising may influence adolescents to be more favorably predisposed to drinking . symptoms and signs of alcohol intoxicationSigns that indicate a person is intoxicated include the smell of alcohol on their breath or skin, glazed or bloodshot eyes, the person being unusually passive or argumentative, and/or disability in the persons appearance or hygiene.Other symptoms of intoxication include flushed skin and memory lossSome of the most common symptoms of alcoho l abuse in teenagers include lying, fashioning excuses, interruption curfew, taking into custodying in their room, becoming verbally or physically abusive toward others, having items i n their possession that are connected to alcohol use (paraphernalia), the smell of alcohol on their breath or body, mood swings, stealing, and changes in friends. The Link Between Early Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence Early alcohol use may have longlasting consequences.People who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at some time in their lives compared with those who have their first drink at age 20 or older . It is not clear whether starting to drink at an early age actually causes alcoholism or whether it simply indicates an existing vulnerability to alcohol use disorders . For example, both early drinking and alcoholism have been linked to personality characteristics such as strong tendencies to act impulsively and to seek out new experiences and sensations .Some present indicates that genetic factors may contribute to the relationship between early drinking and subsequent alcoholism . Environ kind factors may also be involved, especially in alcoholic families, where children may start drinking earlier because of easier access to alcohol in the home, family acceptance of drinking, and lack of parental monitoring . Prevention and Treatment The speedy and longterm risks associated with adolescent alcohol use underscore the need for effective saloon and treatment programs.Research on the personal, social, and environ noetic factors that contribute to the initiation and escalation of drinking is essential for the development of such programs. It should be noted that preventingand identifying alcohol use disorders in youth require different screening, assessment, and treatment approaches than those used for adults. For example, although relapse rates following alcoholism treatment are similar for both adults and adolescents, social factors such as peer pressure play a much larger role in relapse among adolescents .Personal factors such as childhood behavior problems or a family history of alcohol use disor ders can help to identify highrisk youth and may suggest direction for interventions. Evidence suggests that the most reliable predictor of a youths drinking behavior is the drinkingbehavior of his or her friends . umpteen researchbased interventions target the childs relevant behavioral skills, such as his or her ability to react appropriately to peer pressure to drink, as well as his or her knowledge, attitudes, and intentions regarding alcohol use .Positive beliefs about alcohols effects and the social acceptability of drinking encourage the adolescent to begin and continue drinking. However, youth often over bringing close together how much their peers drink and how positive their peers attitudes are toward drinking. Consequently, most prevention programs include social norms education, which uses survey data to counter students misperceptions of their peers drinking practices and attitudes about alcohol .Family factors, such as parentchild relationships, discipline methods, co mmunication, monitoring and supervision, and parental involvement, also exert a significant influence on youthful alcohol use . Accordingly, familybased prevention programs for youth have been developedfor example, Iowas Strengthening Families Program, which significantly delayed initiation of alcohol use by improving parenting skills and family bonding . The beneficial effects of this program on student alcohol involvement were still evident 4 years after the intervention . Some schoolbased programs are aimed at adolescents who have already begun drinking.Preliminary research also has found promise in high schoolbased motivational programs that encourage selfchange in problem drinkers (30). Policy and lodge StrategiesAnother important factor in underage drinking is availability, that is, the degree of effort required to obtain alcohol, as determined by geographic, economic, and social factors (40,35). Consequently, interventions aimed at the individual must be supplemented by poli cy changes to help reduce youth access to alcohol and decrease the harmful consequences of established drinking (35).For example, raising the minimum legal drinking age in all States to 21 saved an estimated 20,000 lives between 1975 and 2000 (8). In addition, all States now have zerotolerance laws, which set the legal blood alcohol limit for drivers younger than age 21 at 0. 00 or 0. 02 percent (41). This policy has been associated with a 20percent decline in the proportion of singlevehicle, nighttime fatal crashes among drivers younger than age 21 (42,43). The drinking and driving laws described above were implemented in the absence seizure of an accompanying increase in existing law enforcement levels.The effectiveness of such measures is enhanced by integrating them into communitybased strategies that involve the cooperation of local brass agencies, the law enforcement community, business leaders,and grassroots organizations (35). Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (C MCA) is an example of a communitywide program that focused on policy changes to reduce youth access to commercial and social sources of alcohol (44,35). Communities that adopted the program experienced significantly fewer arrests for drinking and driving among youth ages 18 to 20 than did neighboring communities (45).Comprehensive Interventions. Project Northland is an example of a successful comprehensive intervention that incorporated family, school, and community components to prevent or reduce alcohol use among adolescents. To determine the programs effectiveness, researchers began testing the students in grade six and, after 3 years, the prevalence of alcohol use by eighth graders was lower in intervention communities than in comparison sites, and especially among students who had not yet started drinking when the program began (46).During the next 2 years, interventions were only minimal, and the differences in the measures of alcohol use between the two groups of students dis appeared. However, resumption of Project Northland activities in grades 11 and 12 had a significant positive effect on the students tendency to avoid alcohol use and binge drinking. Taken together, these results show the effectiveness of continued, ageappropriate prevention activities for delaying or reducing underage drinking (47).Underage DrinkingA Commentary by NIAAA Director TingKai Li, M. D. The immediate and longterm risks associated with adolescent alcohol use underscore the need for effective prevention and treatment programs. Research toward those ends is a top priority at NIAAA. Studies have revealed genetic, biologic, develop psychical, and environmental influences on underage drinking. Scientists have found that variability is a crucial aspect of alcohol problems crosswise all age groups and thus is a key consideration in alcohol research.For example, there is a three to fourfold betweenindividual mutation in the rate of absorption, distribution, and elimination of alco hol (pharmacokinetics) and a two to threefold betweenindividual variation in the sensitivity of the brain to the effects of a given concentration of alcohol (pharmacodynamics). Understanding the underlying causes of this variability, both genetic and nongenetic, should provide insights into underage drinking and bingedrinking patterns.Through prevention and intervention strategies direct at the individual, family, school, and community, we aim to provide knowledge and change belief systems and social norms to reinforce the message that underage alcohol use is unacceptable. We also aim to enhance young peoples selfesteem, selfmotivation, and identity formation to enable them to take responsibility for their own health by making informed, deliberate, and healthy choices regarding alcohol use.Various intervention tools have brought about positive behavioral change with regard to underage drinking. Further studies will follow cohorts of young people from childhood through the college ye ars, at different locations and in different settings, to determinewhether these interventions are enduring and broadly applicable. Finding lasting solutions to such an entrenched problem will not be easy, but we are confident that diligent research efforts will meet this urgent challenge. Alcohol and the Family * Alcoholism is a disease of the family.Not only is there a significant genetic component that is passed from generation to generation, but the drinking problems of a single family member affect all other family members. The family environment and genetics can perpetuate a vicious and destructive cycle. * Many marriages break up over a husbands or wifes drinking. home(prenominal) violence typically erupts when one or both spouses have been drinking, and drinking makes domestic violence more dangerous. * Families play a critical role in recovery from alcoholism. They can be instrumental in encouraging a family member with alcoholism to seek treatment.Strong family support al so increases the chances for successful recovery. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking Pervasive in Family Life * More than half of adults have a close family member who has had alcoholism or is still dealing with alcoholism. * more or less one in four children younger than 18 is exposed to alcoholism or problem drinking in the family. A Factor in Many Serious Family Problems * Separated and divorced men and women are three times as likely to say their spouse was alcoholic or had a drinking problem than men and women who are still married. Some 75 percent of husbands or wives who abuse their spouses have been drinking prior to or at the time of the abuse. * Women who have heavy drinking husbands or partners are at higher risk for developing their own drinking problems. * Each year between 1,200 and 8,800 babies are born with the physical signs and intellectual disabilities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), and thousands more experience the somewhat lesser disabilities of fet al alcohol effects. FAS is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation in the United States. Children of alcoholics are at high risk for developing problems with alcohol and other drugs they often do poorly at school, live with pervasive tension and stress, have high levels of anxiety and depression and experience coping problems. Underage Drinking Challenges American Youth * First use of alcohol typically begins around age 13. By their senior year, 64 percent of high school students say they have been drunk at least once 33 percent say they have been drunk in the past month. Among teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 who say they drink heavily (five or more drinks on five or more occasions in the past month) 77 percent had at least one serious problem related to drinking in the past year 63 percent had built up tolerance to the effects of alcohol 20 percent reported psychological problems related to their drinking 12 percent reported health problems related to their drin king. * Teenagers who drink heavily are more likely to cut class or skip school, perform poorly in school, take sexual risks, and commit suicide.Heavy drinking increases the likelihood of delinquent and violent behavior including running away from home, fighting, vandalizing property, stealing and getting arrested. * Visit the Alcohol Cost Calculator for Kids1 to find out more about serious alcohol problems among youth. Attitudes in the Home Influence Youth Drinking * Even in families where alcoholism isnt present, permissive attitudes about alcohol can have a profound impact on youth. though far more kids drink than use illicit rugs, parents are more likely to excuse getting drunk as a rite of passage. Unless a car is involved, some just dont take it seriously. * Parents who drink and who have favorable attitudes about alcohol encourage children to start drinking and to elapse drinking. * Drinking by older siblings can influence the alcohol use of younger siblings, particularly f or same-sex siblings. Teens Serious Alcohol Problems Recent studies agree most young people experiment with alcohol.By the time they are seniors in high school, 58 percent report they have been drunk 1 even though they cant drink legally until they are 21. Their drinking typically accelerates when they go away to college where 40 percent of students say that they binge on alcohol (for young men this means drinking five or more drinks in a row for young women, four or more drinks in a row). 2Most of the young people who get drunk or binge gradually outgrow this dangerous behavior as they become adults with jobs and family responsibilities.If theyre lucky, they may simply miss a class or two because of a hangover. Others experience more serious problems that alter their lives in significant ways premature death, injury, smoking and using illicit drugs, academic failure, arrest, unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease all are associated with drinking among young people. So me 3 million young Americans will develop an serious alcohol problem that will significantly increase their risk for experiencing one of these life altering problems.According to the federal government, compared to their peers without an alcohol drug use disorder, young people with drinking problems * require emergency room medical care 47 percent more often * miss two more weeks of school * are 10 times more likely to be diagnosed with another drug use disorder * are 10 times more likely to drive under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs * are four times more likely to be arrested or booked for breaking the law * are two and a half times as likely to run away or sleep on the streets Alcohol Interferes With growing As serious as these problems are for the individuals who experience them and for their families and communities they fail to convey how alcohol problems interfere with young peoples bodies and minds, which havent yet had a chance to fully mature. erious alcohol problems stunt emotional development by masking the stress and anxiety that can be a normal part of adolescence, robbing young people of the opportunity to develop the coping skills they will need to succeed later in life. In short, even if they escape serious physical harm, alcohol problems prevent young people from achieving their full potential as adults in ways that arent easily quantified. Young people with serious alcohol problems many of whom also have mental health disorders that make their drinking and other drug use much more problematic are among the most vulnerable in our society. They need treatment. But the vast majority 83 percent, on average isnt getting it, and among those who do, only 25 percent get enough. The benefits of treatment for young people, as well as society, are enormous. Recent clinical research proves that effective treatment developed specifically for adolescents can help them get their lives back on track through * considerable reductions in th eir use of alcohol and marijuana one year after treatment * significantly fewer problems associated with their drinking and other drug use * less vicious activity * improved school performance, including better grades and attendance * healthier psychological outcomes, including higher self-esteem, decreased hostility and fewer suicidal thoughts What atomic number 18 Serious Alcohol Problems? lcohol poisoningAlcohol poisoning is the potentially fatal result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. It is caused by alcohol slowing down the bodys functions (for example, breathing, heart rate, and gag reflex), thereby potentially leading to choking, coma, stop breathing, stopped heart, and death. Treatment involves getting the person to the hospital immediately so he or she can be closely watched by medical professionals, given oxygen and fluids, and so that other measures can be taken in order to prevent choking, as well as stopped breathing or heartbeatSeri ous alcohol problems fall into two categories alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse. Together, these behaviors are known among experts as alcohol use disorders.The American Psychiatric Association (APA) publishes standardized criteria for diagnosing each of these conditions according to the presence of certain symptoms. This calculator uses these criteria2 to estimate how many young people in the U. S. need treatment. However, the APA developed these criteria for adults, not adolescents, which means they may miss many young people who would benefit from an intervention of some kind. Though serious alcohol problems can develop within a year or two after a young person has begun drinking,4 alcohol-related medical problems and withdrawal syndrome, which take years to develop, are symptoms that are much more likely to be found among adults.Nor do these criteria oral communication factors unique to young people, whose bodies and minds continue to undergo profound changes throughout adole scence. As a result, some researchers have suggested that serious alcohol problems should be assessed more broadly among young people to permit earlier and more targeted interventions along a continuum3 facilitated by more widespread use of screening. These assessments would be multidimensional and take a number of other factors into consideration, including Age Example A 13-year-old who is binge drinking and smoking marijuana probably signals a more immediate need for intervention than an 18-year-old whose similar behavior, while dangerous and illegal, may be more typical of his age group.The amount, frequency and context of alcohol and other drug use Example Any young person who drinks every day before going to school or during the school day. The seriousness and nature of the problems being experienced by a young person Example A young person who fails a grade, runs away from home or comes into contact with the juvenile justice system. The presence of a mental health problem(see following section)A family history of addiction Example Having a parent with an alcohol use disorder greatly increases the chances that an individual will develop one at some point in their life. Researchers have established that the risk for developing an alcohol use disorder is approximately 50 to 60 percent genetic. Who Is at Risk?Researchers estimate that people who begin drinking before the age of 15 are four times more likely to develop an serious alcohol problem later in life than those who wait until they are 21. 5 Less well understood, however, is the issue of who will develop an alcohol problem while they are still in adolescence, although scientists have identified several risk factors. Many young people with alcohol problems also have a mental health, or co-occurring, disorder. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, estimates range from 41 to 65 percent. 6 As a result, these young people are at especially high risk for two of the most serious problems associate d with drinking during adolescence violence and suicide. Children with conduct disorders also known as antisocial disorders and characterized by rule-breaking behavior and a disregard for the rights of others are at extremely high risk for developing an serious alcohol problem during adolescence. Thrill-seeking is common among children with conduct disorder and may explain wherefore they begin drinking at an early age. Researchers also believe that alcohols role in loosening inhibitions may encourage such adolescents to act out and get them in more serious trouble because of their drinking. Other researchers suggest serious alcohol problems and conduct disorders co-occur because of shared risk factors, not because one influences the other. 8Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder also known as negative-affect disorders are also common among adolescents with serious alcohol problems, especially young women.Researchers believe that both of these conditions often occur as a result of physical or sexual abuse during childhood and that young people who have been (or are being) victimized drink to self-medicate. 9 As with conduct disorders, however, exactly how one influences the other isnt known. Because alcohol is a depressant, its use can contribute to depression. Studies also have shown drinking can increase the likelihood of sexual victimization that, in turn, can lead to a negative-affect disorder. TreatmentYoung people usually dont get treatment for alcohol and other drug use disorders until their drinking has gotten them in trouble with the law.In fact, 44 percent of young people in treatment have been referred by the criminal justice system. Other sources of referral include * School/Community Agency (22%) * Self/Family (17%) * Other Substance Abuse Treatment Agency (5%) * Other Health bang Provider (5%) * Other (16%) The nations health care system doesnt identify or treat young people with alcohol and other drug use problems any better than it does adults. Because of longstanding relationships with their young patients, pediatricians and family practice physicians are ideally positioned to observe the changes in behavior and health that occur as a result of drinking and drug use.But while the American Medical Association recommends that health professionals ask their young patients about their alcohol and drug use on an annual basis, fewer than 50 percent of physicians screen these patients for this purpose. 13Unique Treatment Needs Treatment for alcohol and other drug use disorders among young people has advanced considerably in the past several years. Within the next year or two, clinicians will be able to choose among a dozen therapies whose effectiveness and cost benefits have been established by research. 14 This progress has been stimulated in part by necessity during the 1990s, the number of young people seeking drug treatment rose by 50 percent. 15Researchers learned that treating young people in programs for adul ts didnt work. In some cases, it may even have caused their drug use to step forward once they were discharged. 6Acknowledging the considerable differences between adolescent and adult drug use disorders was the first step in developing age appropriate treatment * The patterns of drug use among young people differ they drink more alcohol and smoke more marijuana than adults. They also are more likely to binge drink or get high whenever an opportunity arises. * Young people have higher rates of mental health disorders and get into trouble more often than adults. They require more careful assessment for mental health disorders which, if present, must be treated appropriately. * Young people are increasingly influenced by their peers and shaped by the pressures encountered in social institutions such as school and the criminal justice and welfare systems. These influences and pressures contribute not only to the development of serious alcohol problems, but also have a profound impact on treatment. The gains young people make during treatment may be deletion when they are return to an unhealthy atmosphere at home, in their neighborhoods or at school. They do not always have access to age-appropriate support groups. This explains why they have higher relapse rates than adults and typically require three or four treatment episodes before achieving recovery. Problem Drinking Affects School proceeding How does problem drinking affect young peoples schooling? In some cases the linkage between problem drinking and academic performance is profound. Drinking can affect the biological development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and behavior. Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences.Alcohol damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills and visual-spatial cognition. 1, 2 Diagnosticians often find that these skills in adolescents who drink are deficient in comparison to those who a rent drinking. How can parents prevent alcohol use? Clear communication by parents about the negative effects of alcohol, as well as about their expectations regarding drug use, have been found to significantly decrease alcohol use in teens. Adequate parental supervision has also been found to be a deterrent to alcohol use in youth. Alcohol, and other drug use, has been found to occur most often between the hours of 3 p. m. and 6 p. m. immediately after school and prior to parents arrival at home from work. Teen participation in extracurricular activities has therefore been revealed to be an important measure in preventing use of alcohol in this age group. Parents can also help educate teens about appropriate coping and stress-management strategies. For example, 15- to 16-year-olds who use religion to cope with stress tend to use drugs significantly less often and have less problems as a result of drinking than their peers who do not use religion to cope. What is the treatment for a lcohol intoxicationReplacing fluids that are lost as a result of the increased urination associated with drinking is often used to treat alcohol intoxication.Doctors frequently use fluids that contain sugars for that purpose. in that location are few medications that are considered effective in treating alcoholism. Zofran (ondansetron) has been found to be effective in treating alcoholism in people whose problem drinking began before they were 25 years old. Naltrexone (Trexan, ReVia, or Vivitrol) has also been found effective in managing alcoholism. Naltrexone is the most frequently used medication in treating alcoholism. It decreases the alcoholics cravings for alcohol by close up the bodys euphoric (high) response to it. Naltrexone is either taken by mouth on a daily basis or through monthly injections.Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribe for about 9% of alcoholics. It decreases the alcoholics craving for the substance by producing a negative reaction to drinking. Acamprosate (Ca mpral) works by decreasing cravings for alcohol in those who have stopped drinking. However, none of these medications have been specifically approved to treat alcoholism in people less than 18 years of age. Some research indicates that psychiatric medications like lithium and sertraline (Zoloft) may be profitable in decreasing alcohol use in teens who have another mental-health disorder in addition to alcohol abuse. There are numerous individual treatments for alcoholism in teens.Relapse prevention uses methods for recognizing and amending problem behaviors. Individualized drug counseling specifically emphasizes short-term behavioral goals in an attempt to help the individual reduce or stop the use of alcohol altogether. Cognitive therapy techniques, like helping the teen recognize what tends to precede and follow their episodes of alcohol use, are often used to address alcohol abuse in teens. Some treatment programs include drug testing. Twelve-step programs like Alcoholics anon. are individualized drug-counseling methods. Motivational enhancement therapy encourages the teen to increase their desire to participate in therapy.Stimulus control refers to a treatment method that teaches the person to stay away from situations that are associated with alcohol use and to replace those situations with activities that are contrary to using drugs. Urge control is an approach to changing patterns that lead to drug use. Social control involves family members and other significant others of the alcoholic in treatmeWhile group therapy can be helpful in decreasing alcohol use in teens, groups that include a number of teens who also engage in disordered behaviors can actually tend to increase alcohol use in this age group. Family interventions for alcoholism that tend to be effective for teens include multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), group therapy, and multifamily educational intervention (MFE). MDFT has been found to be quite effective.Longer-term residential trea tment of three to five months that addresses peer relationships, educational problems, and family issues is often used in treating alcoholism in teens. For youth in the first stage of alcohol use (having access, but not having yet used alcohol), preventive measures are used. Therefore, limiting access to alcohol or other drugs, addressing any risk factors of the youth or family, as well as optimal parental supervision and expression regarding expectations are often recommended. The approach to those who have experimented with alcohol should not be minimized by mental-health professionals, since occasional(prenominal) use can progress to the more serious stages of alcohol use if not addressed.Therefore, professionals recommend that the youth be thoroughly educated about the effects and risks of alcohol, that fair but firm limits be set on the use of alcohol, and that the user be referred for brief counseling, a self-help group, and/or family support group. Teens who have progressed to the more advanced stages of alcoholism are typically treated intensively, using a combination of the medical, individual, and familial interventions already describedGreenblatt, JC. , Patterns of Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Associations with Emotional and Behavioral Problems, U. S. incision of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, March 2000.Greenfeld L, Alcohol and Crime An Analysis of National Data on the Prevalence of Alcohol Involvement in Crime, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Report NCJ-168632, 1998. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 10th Special Report to the U. S. Congress on Alcohol and HealthHighlights fromCurrent Research, June 2000. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Drinking in the United States Main Findings from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, 1998. Nationa l Institute on Drug Abuse, Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings, 2001. U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Youth and Underage Drinking An Overview, The Role of Parents in Preventing and Addressing Underage Drinking, SAMHSA Fact Sheets, 2000. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. , Youth, Alcohol and Other. In any given age group, heavy and binge drinkers are 4-6 times more likely than nondrinkers to say they cut classes or skipped school. They are twice as likely as nondrinkers to say that their school work is poor, and they report more frequently that they are disobedient at school. 5 Among high school students, those who use alcohol are five times more likely to drop out than those who dont use alcohol. These problems are not limited to Measures to Reduce or Prevent Teenage AlcoholismEnvironmental These youth alcoholism prevention initiatives are designed to reduce opportunities for youth to engage in underage drinking and include heightening awareness of the problem, increasing legal penalties for underage drinking and engaging community support to stop alcohol use by youth. Environmental-focused interventions include * Increasing the cost of alcohol. Studies have shown that teens are less likely to purchase alcohol when its expensive. Obviously, teens have limited funds for such things. * Raising the minimum legal drinking age.Studies show that the earlier one begins drinking, the greater the likelihood of alcoholism. Also, binge drinking is most prevalent among teens and those in their early twenties. Binge drinking is very dangerous, carrying with it the risk of alcohol poisoning, coma, and even death. * Raising public awareness through public service campaigns and other initiatives. There are already some public services campaigns, but more are needed. In addition, the just say no and similar initiatives are not really effective. Campaigns based on research would be better. * Restaurant and bar server pedagogy and compliance checks. This should also include the training of all store clerks where alcohol is sold.In one study, more than 90% of high school seniors said it was easy for them to obtain alcohol when they wanted it. When alcohol is so easy to get, teens will continue to use it. * Deterring adults from purchasing alcohol for minors or providing alcohol to minors. It is illegal to provide minors with alcohol, but laws need to be consistently enforced. Giving alcohol to teens not only encourages them to drink, it sends the message that underage drinking is OK. * Enforcing penalties for the DWI (driving while intoxicated, use of false IDs, and violating zero-tolerance laws. One law that has proven useful is suspending or revoking the drivers license of anyone underage caught drinking. Its powerful deterrent for teens.Individual Measures to Reduce or Prevent Teenag e AlcoholismThese youth alcoholism prevention initiatives help educate and prepare youth to resist the urge to experiment with alcohol and drink in spite of influences and opportunities to which they are exposed. Education that focuses on addressing attitudes and motivational factors, as well as providing youth with skills that enable them to say no and wait until they are of legal drinking age, has been proven most helpful. Individual-focused teenage alcoholism interventions include * School-based prevention programs that include addressing peer pressure to drink and teaching teens how to resist those pressures in addition to providing information about the dangers of drinking.These programs also offer interactional and developmentally appropriate information, include peer-led components, and provide teacher training. * Family-oriented prevention initiatives where parents ability to influence their childrens behavior and attitudes play a critical role. Setting and enforcing rules against underage drinking and monitoring the childs behavior have proven to help reduce the propensity of underage drinking and onset of youth alcoholism. For family-based teenage alcoholism interventions to be effective, parents need to be informed about the risks of teenage alcoholism and know how to talk to their child about alcohol use.Public campaigns can address these issues and so can school-based programs. ConclusionAlcoholis not an ordinary commodity. While it carries connotations of pleasure and sociability in the minds of many, harmful consequences of its use are diverse and widespreadFrom a global perspective, in order to reduce the harm caused byalcohol, policies need

The Shakespear Stealer

The Shakespeare Stealer Through out the story the main character Widge if faced with a good dilemma which is either reproduction down word for word the Shakespeare play Hamlet Or face the unknown pain and paral of Falc angiotensin converting enzymer. The English dictionary defines a moral dilemma as a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. I believe that that is exactly what Widge is going through.The reason Widge is so scared of facing Falconer is because Falconer killed a grow human beings for calling him a dirty Jew. If Falconer would do that to a grow me thing of what he would do to puny Widge, he would surely kill him of worse torture him. Another key roll being played is Widges fate, luck, and guilt. Widges fate is when he tries to get a way form falconer at the orchis Theater and ends up getting hit in the face by a door when he tries to open it.Widges luck is that he is now in a nice home with nice people who want to help him and be his friend with food and a room, he is also safe from Falconer. Widge starts to heart guilt about betraying the people at the theater because they are the only people who have ever been nice to him. What Widge is attempting to do is wrong because it is plagiarism. Plagiarism is copy in a piece of writing or other work without authorization. Plagiarism is wrong because you steal someones hard work and then claim it as their own.

NCOs in the American Army

Our work aims to research the role of NCOs in the American soldiers in 1775-1865. NCO means non-commissioned officer in United States Army, its the identical as sergeant (Allen 118). Within the context of the Army post system, however, thither were oft propagation mitigating circumstances and a maze of variables that change the hierarchy and the privileges associated with rank. Although the rank structure was essentially rigid, occasionally a billet or specific job could be of greater importance for the actual display of violence. For example, a dominanceing officer of any rank was shown more respect and admiration than a staff officer of the same rank.Commanders were often given special privileges because of their positions rather than their rank. Additionally, officers of lower rank and some enlisted soldiers sometimes had responsibilities that provided them with more respect, or at least more power. For example, an enlisted soldier who was set quartermaster wielded unusua l power due to his ability to determine who received coveted govern ment supplies and equipment. However, regardless of the billet or display of power, the enlisted soldier who temporarily held the reins of power within a certain ara never ascended to the higher social class of the officers. Social standingor class associationwas never altered by mere power or position. The enlisted soldier who was the quartermaster was still regarded as a member of the enlisted ranks and thus part of the lower class.On the Western summitier the Armys rank system remained unremittingly intact because it was the only structure there was. The post commander was the supreme authority in all matters, and every form of official troops etiquette was respected and enforced. This disparity between officers and NCOs disappe ard only very slowly as one moved up the rank structure, and it was a very foolish battalion commander who angers his own or a higher commanders sergeant major.At battalion level the sergeant major served a useful unifying liaison, assisted the commander in dealing with troops and serving as a trainer for the units first sergeants. Above battalion, command sergeants major interfered with subordinate units, contradict local command guidance, and provided a disruptive back-channel for political maneuvering by NCOs dissatisfied with their commanders or their positions in life.So officer could place himself under the tutelage of his senior NCOs and act, in effect, as his platoon sergeants subordinate and as the units mascot.The main task of NCOs was train soldiers. Ideally, all cadets should be prior- helping enlisted personnel, and those who are not should go through a uninterrupted-style basic training course, with regular drill sergeants, among normal trainees. At least in the past, trainees concur often been terrified of the Army, particularly in the early weeks.They are also physically fatigue during basic training and only want to relax or perhaps explore their new environment during their off-duty time. Recruits do not know each new(prenominal) well enough at this period to develop the relations of trust and affection that are necessary for organizing a resistance movement. The Army appears to watch the trainees or so closely during basic training, and it seems to give noncommissioned officers ( NCOs) and officers more license to use their power and authority than at nearly any other time during a soldiers experience in the Army.The NCOs keep a close watch for possible chargeable offenses, and there are many extra, stiffer inspections and vague threats of violence. In marches, the resisting soldier is continually called for being out of step, even if he is marching perfectly. Physical exercise is also used as a punishment. Officer couldnt holler at nobody. And if he didnt get the job done, the man who didnt do the job, they didnt say nothing to the private over there. They ask the NCO wherefore the job didnt get done.Many times there is a conflict between loyal service to ones immediate commander and improving ones image with his boss. The senior rater is rarely directly aware of a junior-grade officers work. This leads to another baneful effect, perhaps as crippling as any already discussed. Although the senior rater may have his own opinion of the junior officer, and pull up stakes take the immediate raters assessment into account, there is another source of input. That is the information fed to him by other members of the unit, including the rated officers subordinates or, if he is a staff officer, people who are subject to his inspection. Many subordinates, such as senior NCOs, actually have far more prestige and credibility than the rated captain or lieutenant. Many times the senior rating amounts to nothing less than a peer or subordinate rating.A lieutenant or a company commander who has a lucent idea is seen as try to override his NCOs or to step on what they conceive to be their territory. Whi le the rated officers immediate boss may appreciate his innovations or unusual accomplishments, the senior rater will hear a draw play more from the many wounded parties involved. The senior rating becomes a means of social control. Battles are not won by leaders who have adjusted to this kind of groupthink. This is probably why 49 percent of army officers felt that the bold, creative officer could not survive in the army.In the American army NCOs allowed to take some right in organizing the men, such as during recreation. This technique has the advantages of giving subordinates the experience in leadership they will need should the officer be missing and creates for them a more extensive sense of commitment to the unit. NCOs who take an interest in their squads have had an enormous effect in boosting morale and in creating a link to the officer. NCOs are always to be backed up and never criticized in front of the men. Officers are less subject to the normative pull of enlisted me n and hence do not suffer the conflicts between enlisted mens expectations and military expectations to the extent that NCOs do. entire relations with NCOs is a mark of a professionalized officer.When American soldiers went in combat action, they listen to their NCOs. Sergeants are the ones who know whats going on and they could give officers a lot of help. In combat the officer in charge of the company, the company commander, is a commissioned officer who is likely to have little close contact with the men. He is concerned with logistics, but he is not primarily concerned with assessing morale. That information he gets from his senior NCOs, who are in close contact with the soldiers and are enlisted men themselves.Thus an NCO must have a great deal of experience in combat, whereas the officer need not have so much field experience. This is why the Army can function with a man in a higher command position. The Army places great importance on these morale indicators. They are easily observed and thought to be valid measures of leadership abilities and are therefore important in the evaluation of officers and NCOs for promotion.Many officers and NCOs respond to their accountability by trying to boost the indicators while paying little attention to the proper leadership techniques. Morale is the cornerstone of professional paternalist control, and paternalists have ways to assess morale the NCOs function and the use of indicators come to mind.American officers consistently proposed less severe corrective action than NCOs.NCOs became more severe as they grew older and as their length of service increased. Interestingly, officers gave their highest effectiveness ratings to those NCOs who were most punitive and least like themselves.Inspector Generals report, Sergeant Major Robert D. Easterling was scathing about Guard noncommissioned officers in the common chord roundout brigades called up, including the 48thAs a whole, the NCO corps within the National Guard Rou ndout brigades fail to meet the traditional standards expected of NCOs. Most of the NCOs do not picture an understanding or use of leadership principles. Although the NCO may know his strengths and weaknesses, countless interviews with NCOs reveal no real desire to seek self-improvement.The NCOs see no inducing to put forth additional effort for self-improvement. Most immediate supervisors do not understand the need to care for their subordinates physical and safety needs, as well as the need to discipline and reward them fairly. There is little evidence NCOs in the brigades strive to develop a sense of responsibility in their subordinates (Appendix D 64).Those not in units will perform meaningful staff work and a decision will be made regarding a command track for those who are gifted with soldier leadership skills. When a combat arms officer or NCO scrambles to get back in a unit, then we will know that the culture is correct. Officers and NCOs who have relied for years on coerc ive techniques may experience a great deal of stress as the Army limits their techniques. They feel discipline is eroding and that new soldiers will be ineffective and vulnerable to great losses in combat.Works Cited PageAllen, Edward Frank. Allens Dictionary of Abbreviations and Symbols. New York Coward-McCann, 1946.Mackesy, Piers. The war for America 1775-1783. Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 1992.Special Assessment Dept. of the Army, Appendix D,1965.Volo, Dorothy Denneen. Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westport Greenwood Press, 2003.Werner , Herman O. Men in Arms A History of state of war and Its Interrelationships with Western Society. New York Frederick A. Praeger, 1956.

Production and Supply of Exotic Vegetables Essay

Greenhouse cultivation started on commercial basis 20 years ago in India. At present more(prenominal) than 25000 greenhouses exists in India cultivating roses, gerbera, carnation, Anthurium, orchids, and vegetables like Capsicum, tomatoes, cucumber and exotic vegetables. India contributes only 1% to the total area under greenhouse in the world. At present Gujarat has around 450 practicable greenhouses and will have more than 800 operational greenhouses in 2013. Hence, its the time now to promote greenhouse farming to have sustainable agriculture with spirit produce in the hands of the consumers.Greenhouse technology has been promoted by the central government and state government on large scale. The farmers are not utilising it in an efficient way mainly because of cultivating the crops as same as they are cultivating in the open field. Hence, the core concept of greenhouse gets vanished away. The research paper is with reference work to the research conducted on Controlled envir onment cultivation in Gujarat. It includes the various aspects of production, operation, supply chain and marketing, subsidies given by various horticulture departments at Central and State level. at that place is a lot of opportunities and improvements needs to be done at farmers level. It includes grabbing the right market at right time which can be achieved only when they transplant at right time keeping in mind the nearby market.Also, the farmers have to change their mind set about the o.d. of fertilizers and pesticides which is not beneficial to crops but in turn invites more of pests and disease and deteriorate our soil micro flora and fauna. Since, cultivation in greenhouse in itself is an advantage, increasing the cost of cultivation takes them away from gaining the real advantage. For which it is necessary that they should follow the package of practise as given by the horticulturists of the state government department. criminal maintenance is another aspect which should be kept in mind like time and schedule of irrigation, weeding, earthing up, right time for tieing the plant, stage of picking the fruits etcetera Also, if there is any attack of pest or disease they should consult entomologists or pathologists rather than blindly applying the chemicals as given by the retail stores to barter and promote their brand.